Dr Mark Goodwin of Plant & Food Research explains what artificial?pollination?is and why it is needed for kiwifruit. Some work of the company PollenPlus? is shown, including their QuadDuster spraying?pollen?onto kiwifruit vines. Mark describes research he is doing on honey bees and kiwifruit pollination, with footage of research associate Heather McBrydie working on kiwifruit vines.
▲Kiwi insect pollination
Transcript
DR MARK GOODWIN
Artificial pollination is where human beings come in and actually add pollen into the system to do more than what just the insect pollinators are doing, and for kiwifruit, what we do is we harvest flowers, we mill them to remove the pollen and then apply it back on the flowers using a whole lot of different methods.
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
Growers use artificial pollination because we’re finding, over the last 10 years or so, that the bees aren’t doing as good a job as they used to.
We’ve got a whole lot of new varieties that we actually don’t know how to artificially pollinate, so we have to work out the?parameters?around when to put the pollen on and how much pollen you have to put on to get really good fruit out of it.
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
The first question we have to ask is how long the flowers are?viable?for. If they’re only viable for 1 day, you have to put pollen on every day. If they’re viable for a week, all you’ve got to do is come and put it on once a week. To work out the?viability, what we do is, every day when the flowers open, we put paper bags over the flowers before any insects get to visit them, and we do that every day so that, at the end of a week, we’ve got flowers that are 1 day old, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days old, take all the bags off, pollinate them, put the bags back on and see which ones set fruit.
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
The way we work out how much pollen you have to put on to get a full-sized fruit is we take a whole lot of flowers and we put on different concentrations of pollen. The next thing we have to do is take half the flowers, cut off the stigmas, wash them and to count the number of pollen grains so we can get a relationship between the rate, the number of pollen grains that ended up on the?stigma?and the number of seeds that have been produced.
▲Kiwi insect pollination
The other question we have about this new variety is that fruit shape – size and shape – is very variable, and we’re trying to work out why. One obvious possibility is it’s all pollination, that the bees are really not doing a good enough job here. So what we wanted to know was how many bee visits you actually had to get to these flowers to get them fully pollinated.
▲Red kiwifruit
The way that we work out how many bee visits you need to fully pollinate a flower is that we put bags over flowers before they open, and when the flowers open, we take the bags off – we just stand there and watch them and wait for a bee to come and visit them. When a bee’s visited them, we put the bag over, let it develop into a whole fruit, remove the fruit, count the number of seeds and from that we know how many seeds are being produced from each bee visit.
The green kiwifruit needs something like 40 bee visits to every flower to fully pollinate it. If we find that they’re not getting enough bee visits, we have a number of options. One of them is to increase the number of beehives so there’s more bees visiting the flowers, or if that’s not possible, we use artificial pollination on top of what the bees are doing.
▲Winter pruning of kiwifruit orchard
Acknowledgements:
Certain images in this video are the copyrighted?property?of 123RF Limited, their contributors or licensed partners and are being used with permission under licence. These images may not be copied or downloaded without permission from 123RF Limited.
Pollen-Plus Limited
PlusGroup Horticulture Limited
▲A kiwi orchard with abundant fruits
植物與食品研究所的Mark Goodwin博士解釋了什么是人工授粉，以及為什么獼猴桃需要人工授粉。展示了PollenPlus?公司的一些工作，包括他們的QuadDuster將花粉噴灑到獼猴桃藤上。馬克描述了他正在進(jìn)行的關(guān)于蜜蜂和獼猴桃授粉的研究，以及研究助理希瑟·麥克布萊迪在獼猴桃藤上工作的鏡頭。
▲獼猴桃專家馬克·古德溫博士
人工授粉是人類進(jìn)入的地方，實(shí)際上是將花粉添加到系統(tǒng)中，而不僅僅是昆蟲傳粉者在做什么，對(duì)于獼猴桃來說，我們所做的是收獲花朵，將其研磨以去除花粉，然后使用許多不同的方法將其重新施加到花朵上。
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
種植者使用人工授粉，因?yàn)樵谶^去的10年左右的時(shí)間里，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)蜜蜂的工作不如以前好。
我們有很多新品種，但我們實(shí)際上不知道如何人工授粉，所以我們必須計(jì)算出何時(shí)施加花粉以及需要施加多少花粉才能從中獲得真正好的果實(shí)的參數(shù)。
▲Bees pollinate kiwifruit
我們要問的第一個(gè)問題是這些花能存活多久。如果它們只能存活1天，你必須每天都放花粉。如果它們可以存活一周，你所要做的就是每周來穿一次。為了計(jì)算出可行性，我們所做的是，每天花朵開放時(shí)，在任何昆蟲造訪之前，我們?cè)诨ǘ渖戏派霞埓?，我們每天都這樣做，這樣，在一周結(jié)束時(shí)，我們就有了1天、2天、3天、4天、5天、6天或7天大的花朵，把所有的袋子都取下來，給它們授粉，把袋子放回去，看看哪些會(huì)結(jié)果。
▲獼猴桃蜜蜂授粉
我們計(jì)算出你需要放多少花粉才能得到一個(gè)全尺寸的水果的方法是，我們?nèi)『芏嗷?，放上不同濃度的花粉。接下來我們要做的就是取一半的花，剪掉柱頭，清洗它們，并計(jì)算花粉粒的數(shù)量，這樣我們就可以得到花粉粒的比例、最終落在柱頭上的花粉粒數(shù)量和已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生的種子數(shù)量之間的關(guān)系。
我們對(duì)這種新品種的另一個(gè)問題是，水果的形狀——大小和形狀——變化很大，我們正在努力找出原因。一個(gè)明顯的可能性是，這都是授粉，蜜蜂在這里做得不夠好。所以我們想知道的是，為了讓這些花完全授粉，你實(shí)際上需要去多少次蜜蜂。
▲packaging kiwi pollen
我們計(jì)算出一朵花完全授粉所需蜜蜂造訪次數(shù)的方法是，在花朵開放前將袋子放在花朵上，當(dāng)花朵開放時(shí)，我們?nèi)∠麓印覀冎皇钦驹谀抢锟粗鼈?，等待蜜蜂來拜訪它們。當(dāng)蜜蜂造訪它們時(shí)，我們把袋子蓋上，讓它長(zhǎng)成一個(gè)完整的果實(shí)，摘下果實(shí)，數(shù)一下種子的數(shù)量，從中我們知道每次蜜蜂造訪產(chǎn)生了多少種子。
▲Kiwi pollen is tested before sales
綠色獼猴桃需要40只蜜蜂造訪每朵花才能完全授粉。如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們沒有得到足夠的蜜蜂造訪，我們有很多選擇。其中之一是增加蜂箱的數(shù)量，這樣就有更多的蜜蜂來拜訪花朵，或者如果這不可能，我們?cè)诿鄯湔谧龅氖虑榈幕A(chǔ)上使用人工授粉。
▲恒溫震蕩氣育培養(yǎng)箱檢測(cè)獼猴桃花粉活性
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Pollen Plus有限公司
PlusGroup園藝有限公司
▲遵義市播宏獼猴桃果園有限公司是西南地區(qū)最大的獼猴桃果業(yè)公司，種植1200畝高山獼猴桃，是遵義市農(nóng)業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)，市級(jí)先進(jìn)扶貧企業(yè)。其中獼猴桃花粉項(xiàng)目是中國(guó)單體面積最大的獼猴桃花粉園，單體采粉園達(dá)到了400畝，豐產(chǎn)期產(chǎn)花粉400公斤，提供高品質(zhì)、高倍體、高活性的獼猴桃花粉，可以滿足30000畝果園的花粉需要。聯(lián)系微信18030405084
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