早花獼猴桃雄性新品種‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的選育
作者：韓飛，李大衛(wèi)，張瓊，劉小莉，姜正旺，張鵬，鐘彩虹
（中國(guó)科學(xué)院武漢植物園·中國(guó)科學(xué)院植物種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新與特色農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，武漢 430074）
摘 要：‘磨山雄2號(hào)’是從中華獼猴桃實(shí)生選育而成的特早花雄性新品種。該品種樹(shù)勢(shì)中等，萌芽率80%以上，花枝率100%，成花容易?；榫蹅慊ㄐ颍咨?，花量大，花冠直徑34 mm，花瓣6~7片，花絲數(shù)約43枚，花粉量大，花粉萌發(fā)率76%~84%?；ㄆ谠纾谖錆h4月上中旬開(kāi)花，花期12~14d，能與早花雌性品種‘紅陽(yáng)’‘東紅’‘紅華’‘金玉’‘金農(nóng)’‘川獼3號(hào)’‘豐悅’等花期相遇。尤其對(duì)二倍體紅心系列品種授粉能促進(jìn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)改善，紅色加深，可作為早花紅心品種的專用授粉樹(shù)。
關(guān)鍵詞：獼猴桃；早花‘；磨山雄2號(hào)’；花期
▲磨山系獼猴桃公樹(shù)
A new early-flowering pollenizer cultivar of kiwifruit‘Moshan Xiong 2’
Abstract：The seeds for‘Moshan Xiong 2’was collected from the precocious fruit of Actinidia chinensis in 2000, which were sown in the greenhouse in winter; and the seedlings were cultivated in 2001,while 1 500 sound seedlings were selected to plant in the garden in winter, with the row spacing of 3 mand the plant spacing of 0.5 m. In 2003, there were a small number of flowering plants, and most of them were male, of which the plant with the number of‘3612’flowered firstly, with the continuous florescence from 2004 to 2005. Then its branches was grafted on the tree of National Actinidia Germplasm Repository in 2005, which flowered in 2006, still with the earliest florescence in the garden, as long as 12 d; and all of the florescence were at the first ten days or middle ten days of April after continuous observation for many years, which remained at 12-14 d. It began to be the matched pollination tree for early flowering varieties, and variety regional tests were carried out in Dawu, Jianshi, Caidian and other places of Hubei. They were grafted on 4 a trees and began to flower at 2 a after grafting. In terms of the performance of test points in each area, its florescence could meet the florescence of the early-flowering female varieties such as‘Hongyang’,‘Donghong’，‘Honghua’，‘Jinyu’‘Jinnong’‘Chuanmi 3’ ‘Fengyue’and‘Wuzhi 7’and so on, with the wide coverage of flowering time and a large quantity of pollen.
▲獼猴桃雌花、獼猴桃雄花
In May 2015, it was examined and approved by the Forest Variety Approval Committee of Hubei province (Hubei S-SV-AC-003-2014). The chromosome of‘Moshan Xiong 2’is diploid, with the moderate to strong vigor, the germination rate of more than 80%, and the flowering rate of 100%. The flowers are cymose and white, with the large amount of flowers, the corolla diameter of 34 mm, 6-7 pieces of petals, and about 43 filaments, and the pollen amount is large, with the germination rate of 76%-84%. For the diploid red series of varieties, pollination can improve the fruit quality and deepen red, and it can be cultivated as the special pollination tree for early-flowering red species. In the area of Wuhan, it germinates in early March, flowers at the first ten days or middle ten days of April, and faded at the end of April, with the florescence of 12-14 d, and then gets into deciduous dormancy in December. The plant row spacing is 2 m×4 m, and the ratio of male to female was 5-8∶1 when planting, that is, 9-13 plants are planted at every 666.7 m2. The planting time is in winter, with the pruning time mainly in summer and secondarily in winter; and it is cut again after the flower fades, while it only needs to cut the winding branches, pests and diseases branches in winter. The base fertilizer and before-flowering fertilizer should be applied again, and the germination fertilizer should be determined according to the tree strength and soil fertility and etc. As for the plantation of young plants, the ring ditch with the depth of 60 cm and the width of 30 cm should be dug for fertilization, and for mature trees, strip ditch can be dug for fertilization or broadcast. And as for the orchards with the fertilization way of broadcast, strip ditch shall be dug for deep fertilization every 4-5 years, which is conducive to the deep roots. 20-30 kg organic fertilizer shall be applied for per plant as the base fertilizer, while 0.5-1 kg compound fertilizer shall be applied for per plant as the before-flowering fertilizer.
Key words: Kiwifruit; New cultivar; Early-flowering;‘Moshan Xiong 2’; Florescence
▲播宏優(yōu)質(zhì)六倍體獼猴桃公花
獼猴桃是雌雄異株果樹(shù)，種植時(shí)必須配置雄性品種。一直以來(lái)育種人員非常注重雌性品種的選育，而對(duì)雄性品種的選育重視程度不夠，生產(chǎn)上僅注重雄株的開(kāi)花時(shí)間和花期，而不注重該雄株花粉的萌發(fā)率及對(duì)雌性品種授粉后果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響。實(shí)際上不同的雄性品種對(duì)雌性品種的結(jié)果和果實(shí)品質(zhì)有影響，有的能促進(jìn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)改善，而有的卻不利于結(jié)果。目前早花雄性品種非常缺少，隨著紅肉、黃肉獼猴桃越來(lái)越受消費(fèi)者喜愛(ài)，栽培面積也在飛速增長(zhǎng)，為了提升獼猴桃果實(shí)品質(zhì)，目前生產(chǎn)上急需培育優(yōu)質(zhì)的授粉樹(shù)品種。
1 選育過(guò)程
2000年從早熟中華獼猴桃果實(shí)中收集種子。冬季播種于溫室，2001年培育實(shí)生苗，冬季選擇1500株壯苗定植在育種篩選圃中，行距3m，株距0.5m。2003年開(kāi)始有少量植株開(kāi)花，且大多是雄株，其中編號(hào)為‘3612’的單株開(kāi)花最早，2004—2005年連續(xù)開(kāi)花，2005年冬季采枝條嫁接在國(guó)家獼猴桃種質(zhì)資源圃大樹(shù)上，2006年開(kāi)花，花期仍是資源圃中最早，為12d，連續(xù)多年觀察，花期均在4月上中旬，一直保持在12~14d。2008年開(kāi)始作為早花品種的配套授粉樹(shù)，在湖北大悟、建始、蔡甸等地進(jìn)行品種區(qū)域試驗(yàn)，為更早地配套雌性品種授粉，均嫁接在4生大樹(shù)上，嫁接后第2年開(kāi)始開(kāi)花，綜合各區(qū)域試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)，花期能與早花品種‘紅陽(yáng)’‘東紅’‘紅華’‘金玉’‘金農(nóng)’‘川獼3號(hào)’‘豐悅’‘武植7號(hào)’等花期相遇，且花期時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，花粉量大。
▲一株種植在蒲江佳沃果園獼猴桃公樹(shù)
2012—2013年開(kāi)展了‘磨山雄2號(hào)’授粉樹(shù)對(duì)雌性品種人工授粉后果實(shí)品質(zhì)影響的研究，結(jié)果表明，該品種作為授粉樹(shù)，對(duì)絕大部分中華獼猴桃雌性品種有促進(jìn)坐果、提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)的作用，特別是對(duì)紅心品種‘紅陽(yáng)’‘東紅’等表現(xiàn)特別明顯，能使果實(shí)內(nèi)果肉紅色變深，風(fēng)味濃。2015年5月通過(guò)湖北省林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定（鄂S-SV-AC-003-2014），定名為‘磨山雄2號(hào)’（圖1）。
▲早花獼猴桃雄性新品種‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的選育
2 主要性狀
2.1 生物學(xué)特性
‘磨山雄2號(hào)’為二倍體中華獼猴桃授粉品種，樹(shù)勢(shì)中等偏強(qiáng) ，萌芽率80% ，成花容易 ，花枝率100%，以短縮花枝和短花枝為主。花為聚傘花序，花冠直徑34mm，花瓣6~7枚，花絲數(shù)約43枚，花藥縱橫徑1.72mm×0.76mm?；ǚ哿看?，花粉萌發(fā)率穩(wěn)定在76%~84%（表1）。在武漢地區(qū)，4月上中旬初花，花期12~14d。
▲早花獼猴桃雄性新品種‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的選育
2.2 與部分雌性品種花期的比較
將‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的開(kāi)花時(shí)間、花期與國(guó)家獼猴桃種質(zhì)資源圃收集保存的二倍體雌性品種進(jìn)行觀察比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的花期能與大部分中華獼猴桃二倍體雌性品種如‘紅陽(yáng)’‘紅華’‘東紅’‘川獼3號(hào)’‘豐悅’‘滿天紅’‘金玉’‘Hort16A’‘金早’等相遇，能覆蓋這些雌性品種的花期（表2）。
2.3 授粉后對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響
以‘磨山雄2號(hào)’為授粉樹(shù)，用‘磨山雄1號(hào)’作對(duì)照，對(duì)雌性品種‘東紅’‘紅陽(yáng)’‘紅華’‘川獼3號(hào)’等進(jìn)行人工授粉，研究其對(duì)雌性品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響。從表3可以看出，‘東紅’‘紅陽(yáng)’‘紅華’的坐果率以‘磨山雄2號(hào)’高，只有黃肉獼猴桃‘川獼3號(hào)’的坐果率為‘磨山雄1號(hào)’略高；對(duì)于可溶性固形物含量、維生素C含量也表現(xiàn)出同樣的規(guī)律，3個(gè)紅心品種都是以‘磨山雄2號(hào)’略高或接近；而酸含量也是‘磨山雄2號(hào)’表現(xiàn)略低或相同。固酸比越高，說(shuō)明果實(shí)品質(zhì)風(fēng)味越好。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明‘，磨山雄2號(hào)’授粉有利于改進(jìn)紅心系列果實(shí)的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)和提高坐果率，而‘磨山雄1號(hào)’對(duì)紅心系列品種的授粉效果
低于‘磨山雄2號(hào)’。生產(chǎn)中‘，磨山雄1號(hào)’主要作為早熟黃肉系列品種的授粉樹(shù)，而‘磨山雄2號(hào)’主要作為早熟紅心品種的授粉樹(shù)。
2.4 適應(yīng)性和抗逆性
根據(jù)國(guó)家獼猴桃種質(zhì)資源圃和各地區(qū)域試驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，該品種花期時(shí)間穩(wěn)定，花期長(zhǎng)，能與‘紅陽(yáng)’‘東紅’等10余個(gè)早花雌性品種花期相遇，且授粉坐果率高，果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)。在湖北武漢夏季高溫季節(jié)與紅心品種授粉后，果肉紅色也未見(jiàn)消褪。該品種較抗黑斑病和褐斑病，耐寒性中等，適宜在低海拔獼猴桃產(chǎn)區(qū)種植。
▲二倍體獼猴桃公花普遍偏小
3 分子生物學(xué)鑒定
按照改良CTAB法提取‘磨山雄2號(hào)’‘磨山4號(hào)’和‘磨山雄5號(hào)’的 DNA 樣品。以Geo101分子標(biāo)記設(shè)計(jì)引物，其正向引物為：AGCATCGACAGTTCAGTTGG，反 向 引 物 為 GCAGTTGAATCTTGCCATCA。以‘磨山雄2號(hào)’‘磨山4號(hào)’和‘磨山雄5號(hào)’的基因組DNA為模板，采用Geo101分子標(biāo)記引物進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增。使用3730xl測(cè)序分析儀檢測(cè)擴(kuò)增片段，使用Genemapper軟件分析SSR擴(kuò)增數(shù)據(jù)，利用STR毛細(xì)管電泳檢測(cè)擴(kuò)增片段峰。
利用Geo101分子標(biāo)記擴(kuò)增磨山雄系列品種結(jié)果（圖2）表明：‘磨山雄 2 號(hào)’擴(kuò)增得到1條帶，為274bp；‘磨山4號(hào)’擴(kuò)增得到2條帶，分別為274bp和 278bp‘；磨山雄5號(hào)’擴(kuò)增得到2條帶，分別為270bp和272bp，說(shuō)明‘磨山雄2號(hào)’在分子水平上有區(qū)別于‘磨山4號(hào)’和‘磨山雄5號(hào)’材料，具備特異性。
▲上圖為國(guó)內(nèi)采用干物質(zhì)檢測(cè)方法，即將烘干的獼猴桃薄片
4 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
4.1 整形修剪
‘磨山雄2號(hào)’樹(shù)勢(shì)中等偏強(qiáng)，宜采用平頂大棚架式或“T”形棚架，一干兩主蔓多側(cè)蔓樹(shù)形，幼苗主干生長(zhǎng)離架面5~10cm處摘心促發(fā)二次梢，選擇上端2個(gè)對(duì)向新梢作主蔓培養(yǎng)。以夏季修剪為主，冬剪為輔，謝花后重剪回縮，冬季只需要剪去纏繞枝、病蟲(chóng)枝。
4.2 土、肥管理
重施基肥和花前肥，萌芽肥量視樹(shù)勢(shì)和土壤肥力等而定?；拭恐晔┯袡C(jī)肥20~30kg，花前肥每株施0.5~1kg復(fù)合肥。
▲早花獼猴桃雄性新品種‘磨山雄2號(hào)’的選育
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▲紅心獼猴桃糖度檢測(cè)
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