Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Kiwifruit種植、生長和收獲獼猴桃
Did you know that kiwis aren’t native to New Zealand? Kiwi plants can be grown on a vine in both colder and warmer regions. These tasty and nutrient-rich fruits are an excellent choice to grow in your own home. Learn more.
About Kiwifruit
There are two main types of Kiwifruit plants grown in home gardens: Kiwifruit and Kiwiberry. Both types of kiwi are frost-susceptible, so this plant is best grown in areas with a frost-free growing season of at least 200 days.
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is the fuzzy brown variety you’ve likely seen in stores. They are typically about the size of an extra-large chicken egg. In the early 20th century, the plant was exported from southern China to Europe, the United States, and New Zealand, where most kiwifruit is grown today. Kiwifruit grows in zones 8 to 9.
▲Golden Kiwi Orchard
你知道幾維鳥不是新西蘭本土的嗎？獼猴桃植物可以在寒冷和溫暖的地區(qū)種植在藤蔓上。這些美味且營養(yǎng)豐富的水果是在家里種植的絕佳選擇。了解更多。
關(guān)于獼猴桃
家庭花園中種植的獼猴桃主要有兩種類型：獼猴桃和獼猴桃。這兩種獼猴桃都易受霜凍影響，因此這種植物最好在無霜期至少為200天的地區(qū)種植。
獼猴桃（美味獼猴桃）是你可能在商店里看到的毛茸茸的棕色品種。它們通常大約有一個特大雞蛋那么大。在20世紀(jì)初，這種植物從中國南方出口到歐洲、美國和新西蘭，今天大多數(shù)獼猴桃都在那里種植。獼猴桃生長在8至9區(qū)。
▲▲golden kiwifruit vine
Kiwiberry (Acinidia arguta) produces a smooth, green, grape-sized fruit. They are grown often for their attractive, pink-variegated foliage and fragrant flowers. Native to northern China, Japan, and Korea, this exported plant is sometimes called “hardy kiwi” or “Northern kiwi.”
As the name suggests, the hardy kiwi (Actinidia Arguta) does best in colder areas (USDA zones 4 to 7) and can even survive subzero temperatures. You can buy hardy kiwi plants at Walmart.
獼猴桃（Acinidia arguta）結(jié)出光滑、綠色、葡萄大小的果實(shí)。它們因其迷人的粉紅色雜色葉子和芳香的花朵而被種植。這種出口植物原產(chǎn)于中國北部、日本和韓國，有時被稱為“耐寒獼猴桃”或“北方獼猴桃”
顧名思義，耐寒的獼猴桃（Actinidia Arguta）在較冷的地區(qū)（美國農(nóng)業(yè)部4至7區(qū)）表現(xiàn)最好，甚至可以在零度以下生存。你可以在沃爾瑪買到耐寒的獼猴桃。
▲golden kiwifruit
Note: If you are considering growing kiwifruit in your garden, know that both a male and a female plant are required to produce fruit. The male plant produces flowers, while the female plant produces both flowers and fruit. (However, one reportedly self-fertile variety of hardy kiwi is called ‘Issai’ if you only have space for one plant!)注意：如果你正在考慮在你的花園里種植獼猴桃，要知道需要雄性和雌性植物才能結(jié)出果實(shí)。雄性植物開花，而雌性植物既開花又結(jié)果。（然而，據(jù)報(bào)道，如果你只有一棵植物的空間，一種耐寒獼猴桃的自育品種被稱為“伊賽”！）
▲Golden Kiwi Orchard
When to Plant Kiwi Vines
Plant kiwi plants in the spring after the threat of frost has passed.
Kiwis typically begin bearing fruit 3 to 5 years after planting.
Choosing and Preparing a Planting Site
Kiwi vines need a sunny spot to produce the best growth and fruit.
Plant in a protected area of the garden to avoid wind damage.
Plant the vines on the north side of the yard in colder regions to minimize the risk of freeze-thaw damage in early spring, when plants are especially susceptible.
Kiwi plants require well-drained soil, as they are prone to root rot if kept too wet.
Kiwi vines are slow growers and need sturdy supports. Erect a tall, heavy-duty trellis system that can support the vines that can grow 15 feet wide and 20 feet long, and produce up to 100 pounds of fruit.
How to Plant Kiwi Vines
To get a good crop from kiwi, you’ll need to plant male and female plants. The females produce the fruit.
Tip: The best ratio is said to be at least one male plant for every six female plants.
Plant the vines 10 to 15 feet apart.
When planting, you may need to trim the roots if too long.
Plant vines just deep enough to cover the roots well with soil.
Water well at the time of planting.
GROWING
How to Grow Kiwi Vines
Unless it has been rainy, give the plants supplemental watering during the height of summer or during other dry periods.
Do not fertilize in the first year. After that, fertilize with a well-balanced fertilizer or soybean meal in the spring.
Start training the flexible vines up a support during the first year of planting.
Prune the lateral growth (if not flowering) 2 to 3 times during the growing season.
Kiwi plants flower and fruit on old wood.
Regularly remove water sprouts (vigorous shoots originating from older wood) and shoots from the trunk.
Prune female vines during the winter months, when the plant is dormant. Prune male vines in early summer after bloom.
In cold areas, the vines of hardy kiwi may die back to the ground each year. Remove the dead stems and mulch with leaves or straw.
Kiwifruit on vines.
How to Propagate Kiwi Vines
Kiwi can be propagated from seeds. Here’s how:
Remove the seeds from a mature kiwi and let the seeds dry for two days.
Place the seeds in a container with moist perlite and refrigerate at 40°F (4°C) for 2 months.
Plant the seeds 1/8 inch deep in moist sterile potting mix and cover the container with plastic wrap.
Place the container in a warm, bright spot and moisten the soil.
When seedlings start growing, uncover the container.
When the plants have four true leaves, transplant them into individual pots.
When the plants are several inches tall, transplant them outdoors.
Kiwis can also be propagated from softwood cuttings (cuttings taken from new growth during the summer):
Cut a kiwi stem into six-inch lengths and cut off any growing tip.
Put the cuttings into a glass with an inch of water.
In about three weeks, the cuttings will have tiny roots at the ends of the cuttings.
Plant the cuttings in pots or plant outdoors.
TYPES
Hardy Kiwi (Kiwiberries)
A. arguta ‘Ananasnaya’ (also called ‘Anna’) has jade-colored skin, bright green flesh, black seeds and tastes like pineapple.
A. arguta ‘Issai’ is self-fertile (does not require a male pollinator) and produces small, juicy fruit. Pollinators love the fragrant white flowers in early summer.
A. arguta ‘Geneva’ ripens earlier than either ‘Anna’ or ‘Issai’ and has sweet, honey-flavored fruit.
A. arguta ‘Ken’s Red’ has fruit with reddish-purple skins. The flesh inside is dark green with deep-red streaks.
A. kolomikta ‘Red Beauty’ fruit ripens earlier than most hardy kiwi species, but A. kolomikta can be more temperamental in general. Fruit is skinny and sweet. Foliage turns a brilliant red in the fall.
Kiwifruit
‘Hayward’ is the main female variety of A. deliciosa grown commercially. It produces the fuzzy brown fruit with green interiors that can be found in grocery stores.
Male varieties include ‘Chico’, ‘Matua’, and ‘Tamori’.
HARVESTING
When to Harvest Kiwi Fruit
The fruit typically reaches maturity in September/October, which can make it susceptible to early fall frosts in some areas.
Harvest the fruit when they are soft to the touch and ready to be eaten.
Alternatively, if early fall frosts are a concern, harvest kiwi fruits when they are still firm but have black seeds. This fruit can be stored in the refrigerator for up to six weeks. Remove it from the refrigerator and allow it to soften for a couple of days before eating.
How to Store Kiwi Fruit
Store firm kiwi in the refrigerator or a cooler for up to six weeks.
Freeze firm whole hardy kiwis on a cookie sheet and then put them into plastic freezer bags.
何時種植獼猴桃
在霜凍威脅過去后的春天種植獼猴桃。
新西蘭人通常在種植后3到5年開始結(jié)果。
選擇和準(zhǔn)備種植場地
獼猴桃藤需要一個陽光充足的地方才能生長和結(jié)出最好的果實(shí)。
在花園的保護(hù)區(qū)種植，以避免風(fēng)害。
在寒冷地區(qū)將葡萄藤種植在院子的北側(cè)，以盡量減少早春凍融破壞的風(fēng)險，因?yàn)榇藭r植物特別容易受到凍融破壞。
獼猴桃植物需要排水良好的土壤，因?yàn)槿绻３痔珴?，它們很容易發(fā)生根腐病。
獼猴桃藤生長緩慢，需要堅(jiān)固的支撐。搭建一個高大、結(jié)實(shí)的棚架系統(tǒng)，可以支撐15英尺寬、20英尺長的葡萄藤，最多可以結(jié)出100磅的果實(shí)。
如何種植獼猴桃
為了從獼猴桃中獲得好收成，你需要種植雄性和雌性植物。雌性結(jié)出果實(shí)。
小貼士：據(jù)說最好的比例是每六株雌性植物中至少有一株雄性植物。
將葡萄藤種植在相距10至15英尺的地方。
種植時，如果根太長，可能需要修剪。
種植藤蔓，其深度應(yīng)足以用土壤很好地覆蓋根部。
在種植時澆水。
增長的
如何種植獼猴桃
除非下雨，否則在盛夏或其他干旱時期給植物補(bǔ)充水分。
第一年不要施肥。之后，在春天用平衡良好的肥料或豆粕施肥。
在種植的第一年，開始訓(xùn)練靈活的藤蔓。
在生長季節(jié)修剪橫向生長（如果不開花）2到3次。
獼猴桃在老木頭上開花和結(jié)果。
定期清除樹干上的水芽（來自老木材的旺盛枝條）和枝條。
在冬季，當(dāng)植物處于休眠狀態(tài)時，修剪雌性藤蔓。初夏開花后修剪雄藤。
在寒冷地區(qū)，耐寒獼猴桃的藤蔓每年都可能枯死。去除死莖，用葉子或稻草覆蓋。
藤蔓上的獼猴桃。
如何推廣獼猴桃
獼猴桃可以通過種子繁殖。方法如下：
從成熟的獼猴桃中取出種子，讓種子干燥兩天。
將種子放入裝有濕潤珍珠巖的容器中，在40°F（4°C）下冷藏2個月。
將種子種植在1/8英寸深的潮濕無菌盆栽混合物中，并用保鮮膜覆蓋容器。
將容器放在溫暖明亮的地方，濕潤土壤。
當(dāng)幼苗開始生長時，揭開容器。
當(dāng)植物長出四片真葉時，將它們移植到單獨(dú)的花盆中。
當(dāng)植物長到幾英寸高時，把它們移植到室外。
獼猴桃也可以從軟木插條（夏季新生長的插條）中繁殖：
把獼猴桃莖切成六英寸長，切掉任何生長的尖端。
把插條放入裝有一英寸水的玻璃杯中。
大約三周后，插條的末端會有細(xì)小的根。
把插條種在花盆里或室外。
類型
耐寒獼猴桃
A.arguta‘Ananasnaya’（也稱為‘Anna’）的皮膚呈翡翠色，果肉呈亮綠色，種子呈黑色，味道像菠蘿。
A.arguta'Issai'是自育的（不需要雄性傳粉者），結(jié)出小而多汁的果實(shí)。傳粉者喜歡初夏芳香的白色花朵。
A.arguta‘Geneva’比‘Anna’或‘Issai’成熟得早，果實(shí)甜美，有蜂蜜味。
A.阿瓜“肯紅”的果實(shí)是紅紫色的。里面的肉是深綠色的，有深紅色的條紋。
A.kolomikta的“紅美人”果實(shí)比大多數(shù)耐寒的獼猴桃品種成熟得早，但A.kolomikta總體上更喜怒無常。水果又瘦又甜。秋天，樹葉變成了鮮艷的紅色。
獼猴桃
“海沃德”是商業(yè)種植的美味A.deliciosa的主要雌性品種。它生產(chǎn)的毛茸茸的棕色水果內(nèi)部是綠色的，可以在雜貨店找到。
雄性品種包括“Chico”、“Matua”和“Tamori”。
收割
何時收獲獼猴桃
果實(shí)通常在9月/10月成熟，這可能使其在某些地區(qū)容易受到早秋霜凍的影響。
當(dāng)水果摸起來柔軟，準(zhǔn)備吃的時候就可以收割了。
或者，如果擔(dān)心早秋霜凍，可以在獼猴桃仍然堅(jiān)硬但種子呈黑色時收獲。這種水果可以在冰箱里儲存長達(dá)六周。把它從冰箱里拿出來，在吃之前讓它軟化幾天。
如何儲存獼猴桃
將硬獼猴桃放在冰箱或冷卻器中保存長達(dá)六周。
將堅(jiān)硬的獼猴桃放在餅干片上冷凍，然后放入塑料冷凍袋中。
WIT AND WISDOM
The kiwi was once referred to as “Chinese gooseberry.”
Hardy kiwi is rich in vitamins C, A, and E, potassium, fiber, calcium, and iron.
Hardy kiwi fruit is also known as kiwiberry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, and cocktail kiwi.
PESTS/DISEASES
Root rot can occur if plants become waterlogged.
Phytophthora crown rot
COOKING NOTES
Raw kiwifruit is rich in a protein-dissolving enzyme called actinidain. This makes the kiwi unsuitable for use in dishes that contain milk products or gelatin. If these dishes are not served immediately, the enzyme starts to digest the proteins in the dishes, destroying the texture. In gelatin-based dishes, the enzyme can prevent the liquid from solidifying.
機(jī)智與智慧
獼猴桃曾被稱為“中華獼猴桃”
耐寒獼猴桃富含維生素C、A和E、鉀、纖維、鈣和鐵。
耐寒獼猴桃也被稱為獼猴桃、小獼猴桃、甜點(diǎn)獼猴桃、葡萄獼猴桃和雞尾酒獼猴桃。
病蟲害
如果植物被水淹沒，就會發(fā)生根腐病。
疫霉冠腐病
烹飪筆記
生獼猴桃富含一種名為肌動蛋白的蛋白質(zhì)溶解酶。這使得獼猴桃不適合用于含有乳制品或明膠的菜肴。如果這些菜肴沒有立即上桌，酶就會開始消化菜肴中的蛋白質(zhì)，破壞菜肴的質(zhì)地。在明膠菜肴中，酶可以防止液體凝固。
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